Yosra A. Soltan^1*, A. S. Morsy², Nesreen M. Hashem¹, and S. M.A. Sallam¹

¹ Department of Animal and Fish production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

² Livestock Research Department, Arid Land Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt.

Abstract :

Plant extracts may be highly effective as natural dietary supplementation options to alternate the dietary antibiotics as growth promotors in ruminant diets. The current study was conducted to evaluate the dose response effects of the moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract (MLE) as a natural alternative to monensin in sheep diets, on ruminal methane production (CH₄), gas production (GP), nutrient degradability and fermentation parameters. The in vitro semi-automatic system of GP was used. The treatments were MLE added to a basal diet (consisted of 50 concentrate: 50 forage) at 0 (control), 50 (MLE _low) and 500 (MLE _high) mg/ kg dry matter, and the ionophore antibiotic monensin was added at 40 mg/kg dry matter. Abundant quantities of essential amino acids, monosaccharides, glycosides and benzene derivatives phytochemicals components were detected by the GC–MS analysis of MLE. The most effective treatments to decrease (P < 0.05) CH₄ were monensin and MLE _high, while only MLE _high enhanced (P < 0.05) the overall mean of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations compared to the other treatments and the molar proportion of acetate compared to monensin. A decline (P < 0.05) in protozoal count was observed by monensin, while such effect did not appear at other treatments. No significant differences were observed among the experimental treatments in the ruminal degradability, ammonia concentrations or GP. This study demonstrated efficiency of MLE as an effective natural intervention to monensin in sheep diets.

المراجع :

Alptüzün, V., S. Parlar, H. Hüseyin Taşl and E. Erciyas (2009). Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Pyridinium Salts.Molecules, 14: 5203-5215

AOAC (1995). Association of Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, 18^th ed., Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

Blümmel, M. and K. Becker (1997). The degradability characteristics of fifty-four roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibre as described by in vitro gas production and their relationship to voluntary feed intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 77: 757–786.

Blümmel, M., H. Steingass and K. Becker (1997). The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and15N incorporations for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. British Journal of Nutrition, 77: 911–921.

Bueno, I.C.S., S.L.S. Filho, S.P. Gobbo, H. Louvandini, D.M.S.S. Vitti and A.L. Abdalla (2005). Influence of inoculum source in a gas production method. Animal Feed Scienceand Technology, 123: 95–105.

Calsamiglia, S., M. Busquet, P.W. Cardozo, L. Castillejos  and A. Ferret (2007). Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 2580–2595.

Cieslak, A., M. Szumacher-Strabel, A. Stochmal and W. Oleszek  (2013). Plant components with specific activities against rumen methanogens. Animal 7: 253–265.

Dehority, B.A., W.S. Damrona and J.B. McLaren (1983). Occurrence of the rumen ciliate Oligoiso trichabubali in domestic cattle (Bostaurus). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45: 1394–1397.

Dey, A., S.S. Paul, P. Pandey and R. Rathore (2014). Potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in modulating in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of wheat straw in buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 84: 533–538.

El-Zaiat, H.M., R.C. Araujo, Y.A. Soltan, A.S. Morsy, H. Louvandini, A.V. Pires, H.O. Patino, P.S. Correa and A.L. Abdalla (2014). Encapsulated nitrate and cashew nut shell liquid on blood and rumen constituents methane emission, and growth performance of lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 92: 2214–2224.

Goering, H.K., and P.J. Van Soest (1970). Forage fibre analysis (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agric. Handbook No. 379. US Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC.

Gopalakrishnan, L., K. Doriyaaa  and  D.S. Kumar (2016). Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5: 49–56.

Konitzer, K. and S. Voigt (1963). Direct determination of ammonium in blood and tissue extracts by means of the phenol by chlorite reaction. Clinica Chimica Acta, 8: 5–11.

Longo, C., I.C.S. Bueno, E.F. Nozella, P.B. Goddoy, S.L.S. Cabral Filho and A.L. Abdalla (2006). The influence of head-space and inoculum dilution on in vitro ruminal methane measurements. In: Soliva, C.R., Takahashi, J., Kreuzer, M. (Eds.), Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update Int. Congr. Series No. 1293. Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 62–65.

Nouman, W., S.M.A. Basra, M.T. Siddiqui, A. Yasmeen, T. Gull and M.A.C. Alcayde (2014). Potential of Moringa oleifera L. as livestock fodder crop: a review. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38: 1-14.

NRC (2007). National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelid. The National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Palmquist,  D. and H. Conrad (1971). Origin of plasma fatty acid in lactating dairy cows fed high fat diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 54: 1025–1031.

Patra, A.K. and K. Yu (2015). Effects of adaptation of in vitro rumen culture to garlic oil, nitrate, and saponin and their combinations on methanogenesis, fermentation, and abundances and diversity of microbial populations. Frontiers in Microbiology, 119: 127-138.

Russell, J.B. and H.J. Strobel (1989). Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Mini review. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55: 1–6.

SAS (2002). Statistical Analysis System. SAS PC Windows Version 9.2.0. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.

Schären, M., C. Drong, K. Kiri, S. Riede, M. Gardener, U. Meyer, J. Hummel, T. Urich, G. Breves and S. Dänicke (2017). Differential effects of monensin and a blend of essential oils on rumen microbiota composition of transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100: 2765–2783.

Shah, S.K., D.N. Jhade and R. Chouksey (2016). Moringa oleifera Lam. a study of ethnobotany, nutrients and pharmacological profile. ResearchJournal of Pharmaceutical, Biological andChemicalSciences, 7: 2158–2165.

Sholapur,  H.P.N. and B.M. Patil (2013). Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations on the bark of Moringa oleifera Lam. Indian Journalof Natural Products and Resources, 1: 96–101.

Soliva, C.R., M. Kreuzer, N. Foid, G. Foid, A. Machmüller and H.D. Hess (2005). Feeding value of whole and extracted Moringa oleifera leaves for ruminants and their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 118: 47–62.

Soltan, Y.A., R.C. Lucas, A.S. Morsy, H. Louvandini and A.L. Abdalla (2014). The potential of Moringa oleifera leaves, root bark and propolis extracts for manipulating rumen fermentation and methanogenesis in vitro, International Symposium on Food Safety and Quality: Applications of Nuclear and Related Techniques IAEA Headquarters, Vienna, Austria, 10–13 November 2014.

Soltan Y.A., A.S. Morsy, N.M. Hashem and S.M. Sallam (2017a). Utilization of Moringa oleifera in ruminant nutrition (Review article). Sustainable Development of Livestock`s Production Systems" (SDLPS)" from 7-9 November, 2017. Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandra University, Egypt.

Soltan, Y.A., A.S. Morsy, R.C. Lucas and A.L. Abdalla (2017b). Potential of mimosine of Leucaena leucocephala for modulating ruminal nutrient degradability and methanogenesis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 223: 30–41.

Soltan, Y.A., A.S. Morsy, S.M.A. Sallam, H. Louvandini and A.L. Abdalla (2012). Comparative in vitro evaluation of forage legumes (prosopis, acacia, atriplex, and leucaena) on ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis. Journal of Animal Feed and Sciences, 21: 759–772.

Soltan, Y.A., N.M. Hashem, A.S. Morsy, K. M. El-Azrak, A. Nour El-Din and S.M. Sallam (2018). Comparative effects of Moringa oleifera root bark and monensin supplementations on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of growing lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 235: 189-201.

Tan, H.Y., C.C. Sieo, N. Abdullah, J.B. Liang, X.D. Huang and Y.W. Ho (2011). Effects of condensed tannins from Leucaena on methane production, rumenfermentation and populations of methanogens and protozoa in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 169: 185–193.

Van Soest, P.J. (1973). Collaborative study of acid detergent fibre and lignin. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 56: 781–784.

Wang, L., X. Chen and A. Wu (2016). Mini review on antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 6: 578-582.

Research :