Sh. A. M. Ibrahim¹, Magda M. Abdel Fattah², G.M. El Mallah¹ and Hewida M.H. Elallawy¹

¹Animal production Dept., National Research Center, Center, 33 Bohoos St, (12622), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

 ²Poultry Nutrition Dept., Animal Prod. Res Inst, Agric. Res. (11268), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract :

Two hundreds and sixteen one-day-old Coob-500 chicks were fed various diets for 6-weeks period and were equally divided into 6 treatment groups of 36 birds each, (3 replicates per group, of 12 birds each), using a completely randomized design, for42 days. The diets included a control diet (without any additives) while the other five diets contained sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare),cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and there blend at 1% level as feed additives (10 g/kg feed).   The results revealed that herb mixture treatment birds significantly increased the live body weight by 9% followed by the oregano treatment by 4.9% then the fennel treatment by 2.8% compared to the control group. However, the dietary herbs significantly improved the feed conversion ratio for Basil and Fennel treatments by the same value 5.6%, Cinnamon by 6.2, Oregano by 7.7 and for mixture treatments by 9.2% compared to the control group.  Basil significantly decreased the abdominal fat by 53% and the liver weight by 7% compared to the control group. The mixture and oregano treatments significantly decreased the gizzard weight by 35.3% and 34.2% respectively, compared to the control group. Basil significantly decreased the total blood serum cholesterol by 17.2 % compared to the control group. The fennel and oregano significantly increased the A/G ratio at the same value by 29% compared to the control group. Cinnamon significantly improved the CP digestibility by 3.15 % compared to the control group. It can be concluded that the mixture of basil, fennel, cinnamon and oregano at the level of 1% significantly increased most growth performance parameters followed by oregano, cinnamon, basil and fennel.

المراجع :

Akbarian, S.A., S. Asgary, A. Feizi, B. Iraqi and G. Askari (2016). Comparative study on the effect of Plantago psyllium and Ocimum basilicum seeds on anthropometric measures  in nonalcoholic fatty liver patients. Int. J. Prev. Med.,  10: 7:114.           

Albert-Puleo, M. (1980). Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. J. Ethnopharmacol.; 2(4): 337-344.

Amirghofran, Z. (2010). Medicinal plants as immunosuppressive agents in traditional Iranian medicine. Iran J. Immunol., 7(2):65-73.                                                 

Arcila-Lozano, C.C., G. Loarca-Piña, S. Lecona-Uribe, E. González de Mejía (2004). Oregano: properties, composition and biological activity. Arch Latinoam Nutr.; 54(1):100-11.                

Avetisyan, A., A. Markosian, M. Petrosyan, N. Sahakyan, A. Babayan, S. Aloyan and A. Trchounian (2017). Chemical composition and some biological activities of the essential oils from basil ocimum different cultivars. BMC Complement Altern Med.  Jan 19;17(1):60.                                                                                                 

Bae, J., J. Kim, R. Choue and H. Lim (2015). Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) tea drinking suppresses subjective short-term appetite in overweight women. Clin. Nutr. Res.,  4(3):168-174.                      

Botsoglou, N., P. Florou-Paneri, E. Botsoglou, V. Dotas, I. Giannenas, A. Koidis and P. Mitrakos (2005). The effect of feeding rosemary, oregano, saffron and α"-tocopheryl acetate on hen performance and oxidative stability of eggs. South African Journal of Animal Science.35(3):143-151.

Botsoglou, N.A., P. Florou-Paneri, E. Christaki, I. Giannenas and A.B. Spais (2004). Performance of rabbits and oxidative stability of muscle tissues as affected by dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 58(3):209-18.     

Brenes, A. and E. Roura (2010). Essential oils in poultry nutrition: main effects and modes of action. Anim Feed Sci Tech.158(1e2):1e14.

Cetin, E., A. Yibar, D. Yesilbag, I. Cetin and  S.S. Cengiz  (2016). The effect of volatile oil mixtures on the performance and ilio-caecal microflora of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci.; 57(6):780-787.                      

Choi, E.M. and J.K. Hwang (2004). Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare. Fitoterapia.  Sep;75(6):557-65.               

Cho, J.H., Y.J. Chen, B.J. Min, H.J. Kim, O.S. Kwon, K.S. Shon, I.H. Kim, S.J. Kim and A. Asamer (2006). Effects of essential oils supplementation on growth performance, IgG concentration and fecal noxious gas concentration of weaned pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.,  19:80–85.

Dasgupta, T., A.R. Rao and P.K. Yadava (2004). Chemomodulatory efficacy of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) on drug metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes, and on carcinogen - induced skin and forestomach papillomagenesis. Phytomedicine,.11(2-3):139-151.

De Marino, S., F. Gala, N. Borbone, F. Zollo, S. Vitalini, F. Visioli and M. Iorizzi (2007). Phenolic glycosides from Foeniculum vulgare fruit and evaluation of antioxidative activity. Phytochemistry.; 68(13):1805-12.                                                       

Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple Rang and Multiple F–Test Biometrics, 11: 1- 42.         

Eddouks, M., H. Jouad, M. Maghrani, A. Lemhadri and R. Burcelin (2003). Inhibition of endogenous glucose production accounts for hypoglycemic effect of Spergulariapurpurea in streptozotocin mice. Phytomedicine.; 10(6-7):594-9.

El-Beshbishy, H. and S. Bahashwan (2012). Hypoglycemic effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum) aqueous extract is mediated through inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities: an in vitro study. Toxicol Ind Health.  Feb; 28(1):42-50.                 

Erdogru, T., M.F. Usta, M. Ates and S. Yigit (2003). Development of Peyronie's disease during long-term colchicine treatment. Int Urol Nephrol. ;35(2):207-8.                   

Ezeani, C., I. Ezenyi, T. Okoye and C. Okoli (2017). Ocimum basilicum extract exhibits antidiabetic effects via inhibition of hepatic glucose mobilization and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol., 6(1):22-28.                   

Forte, C., D. Ranucci, D. Beghelli, R. Branciari, G. Acuti, L. Todini, C. Cavallucci and M. Trabalza-Marinucci (2017). Dietary integration with oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil improves growth rate and oxidative status in outdoor-reared, but not indoor-reared, pigs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)., 101(5):e352-e361.          

Giannenas, I., P. Florou-Paneri, M. Papazahariadou, E. Christaki, N.A. Botsoglou and A.B. Spais (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. BMC Complement Altern. Med.. 16: 156. Published online May 31. 

Goswami, N. and S. Chatterjee (2014). Assessment of free radical scavenging potential and oxidative DNA damage preventive activity of Trachyspermum ammi L. (carom) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) seed extracts. Biomed. Res. Int., :582767.            

Han, F., G.Q. Ma, M. Yang, L. Yan, W. Xiong, J.C. Shu, Z.D. Zhao and H.L. Xu (2017). Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils from different parts of the oregano. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci., B., 18(1):79-84.

Han, X. and T.L. Parker (2017).Antiinflammatory activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum  zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. Phytother Res.  Jul; 31(7):1034-1038.

Javidnia, K., L. Dastgheib, S. Mohammadi Samani and A. Nasiri (2003). Antihirsutism  activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. A double-blind placebo controlled study. Phytomedicine. ; 10(6-7):455-8.                                                   

Karhunen, L.J., K.R. Juvonen, S.M. Flander, K.H. Liukkonen, L. Lähteenmäki, M. Siloaho M, Laaksonen DE, Herzig KH, Uusitupa MI, Poutanen KS (2010). A psyllium fiber enriched  meal  strongly attenuates postprandial  gastrointestinal  peptide  releasein  healthy young adults.  J Nutr.   Apr; 140(4):737-44.

Kaur, G.J. and D.S. Arora (2009). Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 6: 9:30. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-30.

Khanna, S., V. Patel, C. Rink, S. Roy and C.K. Sen (2005). Delivery of orally supplemented alpha-tocotrienol to vital organs of rats and tocopherol-transport protein deficient mice. Free Radic. Biol. Med.,  Nov 15;39(10):1310-9.                                                    

Kim, D.H., S.I. Kim, K.S. Chang and Y.J. Ahn (2002). Repellent activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Agric. Food Chem.,; 50(24):6993-6.

Knaapila, A., O. Laaksonen, M. Virtanen, B. Yang, H. Lagstrom and M. Sandell (2017). Pleasantness, familiarity, and identification of spice odors are interrelated and enhanced by consumption of herbs and food neophilia. Appetite.; 109:190-200.

Koocheki, A., S.M.A. Razavi, E. Milani, T. M. Moghadam, M. Abedini, S. Alamatiyan and S. Izadkhah (2007). Physical properties of watermelon seed as a function of moisture content and variety. Mashhad, Iran, 21(4): 349-359.

Lagouri, V., G. Blekas and M. Tsimidou (1993). Composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils from oregano plants grown wild in Greece. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch.; 197(1):20–23.                       

Lalko, J. and A.M. Api (2006). Investigation of the dermal sensitization potential of various essential oils in the local lymph node assay. Food Chem. Toxicol.; 44(5):739-46.

Lee, K.W., H. Everts and A.C. Beynen (2004). Essential oils in broiler nutrition. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3(12):738e52.

Lu, Y., B. Gao, P. Chen, D. Charles and L.L. Yu (2014). Characterisation of organic and conventional sweet basil leaves using chromatographic and flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprints combined with principal component analysis. Food Chem.  Jul 1; 154:262-8.

Matsui, T., J. Tao, F. del Monte, K.H.  Lee, L. Li, M. Picard, T.L. Force, T.F. Franke, R.J. Hajjar and A. Rosenzweig (2001). Akt activation preserves cardiac function and prevents injury after transient cardiac ischemia in vivo. Circulation.  Jul 17; 104(3):330-5.    

Mohiti-Asli, M. and M. Ghanaatparast-Rashti (2015). Dietary oregano essential oil alleviates experimentally induced coccidiosis in broilers. Prev Vet Med., 15; 120(2): 195-202.                                         

N.R.C. (1994). National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.                                                                 

Nayak, I.N., R. Chinta and R. Jetti (2017). Anti-Atherosclerotic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Bark against Glucocorticoid Induced Atherosclerosis in Wistar Rats. J Clin Diagn Res. May; 11(5):FC19-FC23.

Ozbek, H., S. Ugras, H. Dulger, I. Bayram, I. Tuncer, G. Oztruk and A. Oztruk (2003). Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. Fitoterapia.; 74(3):317-319.

Pandey, A.K., A.K. Mishra and A. Mishra (2012). Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala. Cell Mol. Biol., (Noisy-le-grand).; 58(1):142-147.                                            

Rodrigues, L.B., A.O.B.P.B. Martins, J. Ribeiro-Filho, F.R.A.S. Cesário, F.F. Castro  et al. (2017). Anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum basilicum complexed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017 Nov;109 (Pt 2):836-846.

Saha, S., M.K. Mukhopadhyay, P.D. Ghosh and D. Nath (2012). Effect of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Ocimum basilicum L. on Benzene-Induced Hematotoxicity in Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:176385.                                                      

Schulz, H., B. Schrader, R. Quilitzsch, S. Pffefer and H. Kruger (2003). Rapid classification of basil chemotypes by various vibrational spectroscopy methods. J. Agric. Food Chem., 23; 51(9):2475-2481.                      

Shahverdi, A..R.H. Monsef-Esfahani,.R, Tavasoli, a. Zaheri and R. Miriani (2007). Trans-cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil reduces the clindamycinresistance of Clostridium difficile in vitro. J  Food Sci.; 72(1) S055-8.

Sharma, U.K., A.K. Sharma and A.K Pandev (2016). Medicinal attributes of major phenylpropanoids present in cinnamon. BMC Complement Altern Med., 31; 16:156.

SPSS (1997). Statistical package for Social Sciences, Chicago, U.S.A.

Tabak, M., R. Armon andI. Neeman (1999). Cinnamon extracts' inhibitory effect on Helicobacter pylori. J Ethnopharmacol.  Nov 30;67(3):269-77.

Tognolini, M., V. Ballabeni, S. Bertoni, R. Bruni, M. Impicciatore and E. Barocelli (2007). Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis. Pharmacol Res.  Sep;56(3):254-60.                      

Visek, W.J. (1978). Diet and cell growth modulation by ammonia. Am J Clin Nutr.  Oct; 31(10 Suppl):S216-S220.                                                                            

Yan, L., Q.W. Meng and I.H. Kim (2012). Effect of an herb extract mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristic, and fecal microbial shedding in weaning pigs. Livest Sci. 145:189–195.

Yeomans, D.C., V. Pirec and H.K. Proudfit (1996). Nociceptive responses to high and low rates of noxious cutaneous heating are mediated by different nociceptors in the rat: behavioral evidence. Pain.; 68(1):133-40.       

Research :